Childhood Inoculations - 974 Words

| Childhood Inoculations| Is it a decision for government or parents?| | Linda Trostle| 602.4.17-10| | There is much debate regarding the necessity and safety of childhood vaccinations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a series of vaccinations that include 26 doses of various vaccinations before age 6. Each state regulates and enforces the requirements for childhood vaccinations in the United State. Some parents believe that vaccinations can be harmful and want the right to choose to raise their child without immunizations. Since effective widespread immunizations have been accomplished, incidences of diseases have been significantly reduced. These diseases include smallpox, diphtheria,†¦show more content†¦My viewpoint for childhood inoculations supports inoculations because scientific history of vaccine success, current statistics of morbidity rates, and research on vaccine safety. Documentation of the history of Jenner’s achievement with the vaccine to prevent smallpox provides information for vaccination success. (Riedel, 2005) The comparison of the annual morbidity rate of the twentieth century and the morbidity rate of 2000, shows a dramatic decrease. (Malone Hinman, n.d.) These numbers demonstrate the success of childhood immunizations with improved survival rate in the United States. (Malone Hinman, n.d.) Extensive research has been conducted to determine the safety of vaccinations. Thimerosal is accused of possibly causing autism. The CDC has concluded that the â€Å"exposure to ethylmercury from thimerosal-containing immunizations during pregnancy or as a young child, was not associated with any of the ASD (autism) outcomes.† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011) Reference List Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.) Addressing common concerns. Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA. Retrieved on September 24, 2011 from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/Index.html Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). CDC study on â€Å"prenatal and infant exposure to thimerosal from vaccines and immunoglobins and risk of autism†. Center for Disease Control andShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Vaccine that Made Me Want to Become a Doctor878 Words   |  4 Pagesprimitive way of dealing with smallpox, known as inoculation. The process of inoculation was basically what does not kill you makes you stronger. A Chinese statesman was shown to have been inoculated against smallpox, probably by having powder from pulverized scabs that were infected with smallpox blown into his nostril. Inoculation may also have been practiced by scratching substances from a smallpox sore into the skin (Bazin, 2000). Inoculation of diseases in that way was not always effectiveRead MoreVaccines : Defense Against Disease Or Illness?1657 Words   |  7 Pageswent to Constantinople where she observed variolation in 1717 (â€Å"Healing Power† 27). Variolation, also known as inoculation, was performed by placing smallpox scabs into a healthy person s body (â€Å"Healing Power† 27). Because Lady Montague was pleased with the process, she had her son inoculated (Riedman 12). After the success with the variolation of her son, Lady Montague spread the inoculation process to England, the Near East, and the Orient (Riedman 13). Lady Mary Wortley Montague helped spread theRead MoreIndividualism And Its Effects On The United States Essay1885 Words   |  8 Pagesby forcing vaccination upon an individual, but not receiving vaccinations doesn t mean that a population isn’t as healthy as it could be or that a disease spreads quickly is not necessarily true. In fact, getting sick with illn esses common in childhood can in turn, yield immunity. There have also been pro-vaccine organizations that have stated that getting sick and the natural vaccination within your body causes better immunity than a booster shot would. â€Å"It is true that natural infection almostRead MoreBenefits in Youth Football1608 Words   |  7 Pageswith sport related stress (Anshel, 2003). Therefore, sports and physical activity also allow youths to clear their minds of academic and social pressures, to literally run off the tension thats accumulated in their muscles. This may serve as an inoculation to build antibodies in children against the more harmful stress viruses they will encounter later in life (Anshel, 2003). This can prevent children who have participated in sports not to develop negative lifelong attitudes toward physical activityRead MoreEssay on Sending Your Child to a Day Care Center3341 Words   |  14 Pagespreschool years. It is very important that the daycare setting ch osen, whether it be center-based, in-home, or any other type, is conducive to the child’s development of thought and learning. According to some studies, day care in the early years of childhood leads to more advanced cognitive development. This includes the child’s language development (Cook et al, 2000). The bad news is that these studies are not final and are usually only conducted in â€Å"good† centers. So what happens if the child isRead MoreTo Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate? Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthese Inoculations prevent diseases, even deaths, from going around, along with keeping the environment a safer place. As people know, kids get vaccinated from the time born to about the time the child reaches teen years, although getting immunized does not precisely stop at any age. In fact, required vaccinations continue throughout the years. Of course these medical treatments must be tested in order to be given to anyone. In spite of the fact man y people themselves argue that inoculations are notRead MoreThe Heart Of A Heart Transplant907 Words   |  4 Pagesthe normal childhood vaccinations which make them at risk for these, preventable, debilitating, and possibly deadly diseases. When able, the child goes back to school and contracts the Mumps, a preventable disease because another child’s guardian selfishly decided not to get their child inoculated. The child who had a new lease on life because of a new heart now is back in the hospital fighting for their life again. Guardians of healthy children should not be allowed to forgo childhood vaccinationsRead MoreVaccination And Its Effects On Children And Public Health1432 Words   |  6 Pagesof the time today. Because of inoculation, millions of people worldwide are immunized from fatal epidemics. However, because of unsubstantiated fears, many parents have been withholding vaccines from their children. Despite this, parents should not have the right to withhold v accines from their children for philosophical reasons. Vaccines are the best way to prevent disease, vaccine exemptions endanger individual and public health, and without widespread inoculation, controlled diseases will reboundRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines1539 Words   |  7 Pagessenescence, that is, throughout our lives we must apply different vaccines, since vaccination is the best strategy to prevent diseases and prevent death. Vaccines not only help keep the child healthy, they help all children to eradicate serious childhood illnesses. Pediatric associations in each country recommend a specific chronological guideline for administering vaccines, based on international recommendations. Despite the recent boom in the anti-vaccination trend, vaccines have a high safetyRead MoreAddressing Immunization Barriers, Benefits And Risks1217 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor underlying affect. In addition, to having common risks there are also uncommon risks as well. Some people can have allergic reactions to certain chemicals in vaccines such as hepatitis B vaccine and MMR vaccine. Kimmel also wrote that some inoculations can cause â€Å"Febrile seizures, persistent crying that lasts 3 hours or more, and hypotonic-hypo responsive episodes have been reported very rarely after DTaP† (S66). Allergic reactions and seizures can be a terrifying to parents. However, these are

Edwin Arlington Robinson Free Essays

â€Å"One of the most prolific major American poets of the twentieth century, Edwin Arlington Robinson is, ironically, best remembered for only a handful of short poems,† stated Robert Gilbert in the Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography. Fellow writer Amy Lowell declared in the New York Times Book Review, â€Å"Edwin Arlington Robinson is poetry. I can think of no other living writer who has so consistently dedicated his life to his work. We will write a custom essay sample on Edwin Arlington Robinson or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Robinson is considered unique among American poets of his time for his devotion to his art; he published virtually nothing during his long career except poetry. The expense of Robinson’s single-mindedness,† Gilbert explained, â€Å"was virtually everything else in life for which people strive, but it eventually won for him both fortune and fame, as well as a firm position in literary history as America’s first important poet of the twentieth century. † Robinson seemed destined for a career in business or the sciences. He was the third son of a wealthy New England merchant, a man who had little use for the fine arts. He was, however, encouraged in his poetic pursuits by a neighbor and wrote copiously, experimenting with verse translations from Greek and Latin poets. In 1891 Edward Robinson provided the funds to send his son to Harvard partly because the aspiring writer required medical treatment that could best be performed in Boston. There Robinson published some poems in local newspapers and magazines and, as he later explained in a biographical piece published in Colophon, collected a pile of rejection slips â€Å"that must have been one of the largest and most comprehensive in literary history. † Finally he decided to publish his poems himself, and contracted with Riverside, a vanity press, to produce The Torrent and The Night Before, named after the first and last poems in the collection. In the poems of The Torrent and The Night Before, Robinson experimented with elaborate poetic forms and explored themes that would characterize much of his work—†themes of personal failure, artistic endeavor, materialism, and the inevitability of change,† according to Gilbert. He also established a style recognizably his own: an adherence to traditional forms at a time when most poets were experimenting with the genre (â€Å"All his life Robinson strenuously objected to free verse,† Gilbert remarked, â€Å"replying once when asked if he wrote it, ‘No, I write badly enough as it is. †), and laconic, everyday speech. Robinson mailed copies of The Torrent and The Night Before out â€Å"to editors of journals and to writers who he thought might be sympathetic to his work,† said Gilbert. Read also  How Powerful Do You Find Atticus Finch’s Closing Speech? The response was generally favorable, although perhaps the most significant review came from Harry Thurston Peck, who commented unfavorably in the Bookman on Robinson’s bleak outlook and sense of humor. Peck found Robinson’s tone too grim for his tastes, saying that â€Å"the world is not beautiful to [Robinson], but a prison-house. â€Å"I am sorry that I have painted myself in such lugubrious colours,† Robinson wrote in the next issue of the Bookman, responding to this criticism. â€Å"The world is not a prison house, but a kind of spiritual kindergarten, where millions of bewildered infants are trying to spell God with the wrong blocks. † Encouraged by the largely positive critical reaction, Robinson quickly produced a second manuscript, The Children of the Night, which was also published by a vanity press, a friend providing the necessary funds. Unfortunately, reviewers largely ignored it; Gilbert suggests that they were put off by the vanity imprint. In 1902, two friends persuaded the publisher Houghton Mifflin to publish Captain Craig, another book of Robinson’s verse, by promising to subsidize part of the publishing costs. Captain Craigwas neither a popular nor a critical success, and for several years Robinson neglected poetry, drifting from job to job in New York City and the Northeast. He took to drinking heavily, and for a time it seemed that he would, as Gilbert put it, fall â€Å"into permanent dissolution, as both his brothers had done. † â€Å"His whimsical ‘Miniver Cheevy,’† Gilbert continued, â€Å"the poem about the malcontent modern who yearned for the past glories of the chivalric age and who finally ‘coughed, and called it fate/and kept on drinking,’ is presumably a comic self-portrait. † Robinson’s luck changed in 1904, when Kermit Roosevelt brought The Children of the Night to the attention of his father, President Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt not only persuaded Random House to republish the book, but also reviewed it himself for the Outlook (â€Å"I am not sure I understand ‘Luke Havergal,’† he said, â€Å"but I am entirely sure that I like it†), and obtained a sinecure for its author at the New York Customs House—a post Robinson held until 1909. The two thousand dollar annual stipend that went with the post provided Robinson with financial security. In 1910, he repaid his debt to Roosevelt in The Town down the River, a collection of poems dedicated to the former president. Perhaps the best known of Robinson’s poems are those now called the Tilbury Town cycle, named after the small town â€Å"that provides the setting for many of his poems and explicitly links him and his poetry with small-town New England, the repressive, utilitarian social climate customarily designated as the Puritan ethic,† explained W. R. Robinson in Edwin Arlington Robinson: A Poetry of the Act. These poems also expound some of Robinson’s most characteristic themes: â€Å"his curiosity,† as Gerald DeWitt Sanders and his fellow editors put it in Chief Modern Poets of Britain and America, â€Å"about what lies behind the social mask of character, and †¦ is dark hints about sexuality, loyalty, and man’s terrible will to defeat himself. † Tilbury Town is first mentioned in â€Å"John Evereldown,† a ballad collected in The Torrent and The Night Before. John Evereldown, out late at night, is called back to the house by his wife, who is wondering why he wants to walk the long cold miles into town. He responds, â€Å"God knows if I pray to be done with it all/But God’s no friend of John Evereldown. /So the clouds may come and the rain may fall,/the shadows may creep and the dead men crawl,—/But I follow the women wherever they call,/And that’s why I’m going to Tilbury Town. Tilbury Town reappears at intervals throughout Robinson’s work. The title poem in Captain Craig concerns an old resident of the town whose life, believed wasted by his neighbors, proves to have been of value. The Children of the Night contains the story of Richard Cory, â€Å"a gentleman from sole to crown,/Clean favored, and imperially slim,† who â€Å"one calm summer night,/Went home and put a bullet through his head,† and Tilbury Town itself is personified in the lines â€Å"In fine, we thought that he was everything/ To make us wish that we were in his place. The Man against the Sky—according to Gilbert, Robinson’s â€Å"most important single volume,† and probably his most critically acclaimed—includes the story of the man â€Å"Flammonde,† one of the poet’s most anthologized Tilbury verses. Despite the fact that much of Robinson’s verse dealt with failed lives, several critics see his work as life-affirming. May Sinclair, writing an early review of Captain Craig for the Fortnightly Review, said of the Captain, â€Å"He, ragged, old, and starved, challenges his friends to have courage and to rejoice in the sun. Amy Lowell, in her Tendencies in Modern American Poetry, stated, â€Å"I have spoken of Mr. Robinson’s ‘unconscious cynicism. ’ It is unconscious because he never dwells upon it as such, never delights in it, nor wraps it comfortably about him. It is hardly more than the reverse of the shield of pain, and in his later work, it gives place to a great, pitying tenderness. ‘Success through Failure,’ that is the motto on the other side of his banner of ‘Courage. † And Robert Frost, in his introduction to Robinson’s King Jasper, declared, â€Å"His theme was unhappiness itself, but his skill was as happy as it was playful. There is that comforting thought for those who suffered to see him suffer. † Many Tilbury Town verses were among the poems Robinson included in his Pulitzer Prize-winning Collected Poems of 1922—the first Pulitzer ever awarded for poetry. He won his second poetry Pulitzer in 1924, this time for The Man W ho Died Twice, the story of a street musician whose one musical masterpiece is lost when he collapses after a night of debauchery. Gilbert attributed the poem’s success to its â€Å"combination of down-to-earth diction, classical allusion, and understated humor. † In 1927, Robinson again won a Pulitzer for his long narrative poem Tristram, one in a series of poems based on Arthurian legends. Tristram proved to be Robinson’s only true popular success—it was that rarity of twentieth-century literature, a best-selling book-length poem—and it received critical acclaim as well. â€Å"It may be said not only that ‘Tristram’ is the finest of Mr. Robinson’s narrative poems,† wrote Lloyd Morris in the Nation, â€Å"but that it is among he very few fine modern narrative poems in English. † Early in 1935, Robinson fell ill with cancer. He stayed hospitalized until his death, correcting galley proofs of his last poem, King Jasper only hours before slipping into a final coma. â€Å"Magazines and newspapers throughout the country took elaborate notice of Robinson’s death,† declared Gilbert, â€Å"reminding their readers that he had been considered America’s foremost poet for nearly twenty years and praising his industry, integrity, and devotion to his art. â€Å"It may come to the notice of our posterity (and then again it may not),† wrote Robert Frost in his introduction to King Jasper, â€Å"that this, our age, ran wild in the quest of new ways to be new†¦. Robinson stayed content with the old-fashioned ways to be new. † â€Å"Robinson has gone to his place in American literature and left his human place among us vacant,† Frost concluded. â€Å"We mourn, but with the qualification that, after all, his life was a revel in the felicities of language. † How to cite Edwin Arlington Robinson, Papers

Brotherhood and Community free essay sample

Just in the human community though we are many we also work at the same purpose in a community, to be in a mutual service and dialogue and for the upbringing of a good and just society sharing and incorporating to them the blessing we have received according to God’s plan and initiative. As what St. Paul said in one of his writing that though we belong to one body and all of us have a different role that played on that one body. Many parts though they are but they all worked for the betterment of the body as a whole. Every part of that human body plays a very important role even how big or small they are they contribute well so that each may work according to what they are meant to be. As lesser brothers in our fraternity we too share and give according to the gifts that we have. So that amidst our diversity and uniqueness we create and we showed to people a different taste and different ways of community living not based on human standards but by God’s own purpose. The Church as the community of all believers favors institutes whose members renew fraternal harmony in a sharing of life and charity. Since we are called to that same mission of Christ, called to proclaim and bring forth the message of God’s love through our deeds and actions. So we are being sent to reform peoples in a newness of life. As we participate in that mission, let us live in the midst of the world as a Gospel leaven so that the people, seeing our way of fraternal life centered in the spirit of the beatitudes, may realize that the kingdom of God has already began in their midst. As what we are practicing and trying to live upon in our day to day living. Through our gospel way of living and gospel witnessing as brothers in the community we may be an inspiration and a living image of Christ’s true presence in our actions. a. Elements of Human Community a-1 – Person If we speak about human person we really define and put at it in general basis as to know the existence or what is the purpose of that person in totality not just human being in the society but as a person created in the image and likeness of God. The human person is an individual creature, distinguished from all other creatures by the gift of freedom, bodily incarnated as male and female and animated by a spiritual principle, traditionally called a soul. The individual human person is at the same time social and historical. That is to say that the person’s humanity is constituted by the wider community of human persons, and they, individually and communally, are constituted by history and by the world in which they live. Indeed, human persons are, in a sense, cocreators with God of both the world and its history (Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, n. 39; see also Pope John Paul II’s 1981 encyclical Laborem Exercens (On Human Work): â€Å"The human person is the image of God partly through the mandate received from the Creator to subdue, to dominate, the earth. In carrying out this mandate, the human person reflects the very action of the Creator of the universe† [II, n. 4, para. 2]). Only when the human person is understood in this larger context – not only as an individual, but also as social being, as historical being, and as being-in-the-world – can our theology of human existence hope to be comprehensive and catholic. a-2 – Society According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church number 1880: A society is a group of persons bound together organically by a principle of unity that goes beyond each one of them. As an assembly that is at once visible and spiritual, a society endures through time: it gathers up the past and prepares for the future. By means of society, each man is established as an heir and receives certain talents that enrich his identity and whose fruits he must develop. He rightly owes loyalty to the communities of which he is part and respect to those in authority who have charge of the common good. As what Karl Marx would say, that, â€Å"No individual human being can sufficiently express himself or herself without benefit of society. † Each one of us really contributes and cooperates in building up and developing our society that we live in. For it is already there that we are born, and it conditions the kind and quality of lives we lead. The individual is derived from society and, therefore, is secondary and subordinate to it. a-3 – Relationship of the Person to the Society The commandment of God to love our neighbor as we have love our self is the basis of our relationship with the society that we live in. our existence has meaning insofar as it is connected to God. Living in the society as a human person one has to be rooted in love of God in order for him share that love of God to all. As brothers to all creation as our Seraphic father St. Francis would say, that for him inferior creatures are just that, creatures, manifestations of the power of God, his messengers, means through which man may know him and love him. He knows how to perceive in them the beauty and the goodness which raises him to the source of all good, to Him who is â€Å"goodness itself. † Therefore, he felt himself to be the brother of all creatures: â€Å"He called all creatures brother, and in a most extraordinary manner, a manner never experienced by others, he discerned the hidden things of nature with his sensitive heart, as one who had already escaped into the freedom of the glory of the sons of God. † His vision of faith makes it possible for him always to discover Christ, the Word made flesh, the crown and meaning of all creation. All things symbolize, contain and proclaim him, each one in his own way. Therefore, when Francis removes the worm from the road, he meditates on the prophetic text which speaks of the patient Servant: â€Å"I am a worm and no man† (Ps. 21:6); when he frees the lamb, he thinks of the â€Å"Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world† (Jn. 1:36), or of the meekness of him who allowed himself to be led â€Å"as a sheep to the slaughter† (Is. 53:7); if he walks reverently on stones, he does it out of consideration for him who is the â€Å"Rock† (1 Cor. 10: 4); if he is moved when he perceives the fragrance and beauty of the â€Å"Flower that springs from the root of Jesse† (Is. 11:1). â€Å"So, all things, especially those in which some allegorical similarity to the Son of God could be found, he would embrace more fondly and look upon more willingly. † In general as a Gospel leaven, a friar who is called to the service and as a witness of God’s love. As a brother to all of His creation we regard everything as brothers and siters. Franciscan brotherhood is a universal and cosmic brotherhood. A relationship that does not isolate us to certain human beings but in all that the Lord provides and exists in the society is our brothers and sister. CHAPTER II GOSPEL BROTHERHOOD Evangelical fraternity cannot remain closed in upon itself. The same charity that animates it causes it to spread and open itself to share with others. The Friars Minor, who â€Å"chose to live in the midst of men,† embrace all men in the same love, establishing a communion of life with them through the liturgy, work, alms, and apostolic action. It was not easy to find a balance in that double impulse toward the pleasant retreat in which the sweetness of contemplation and of the presence of the brothers was enjoyed, and toward the multiplicity of a life on the level of normal society. The temptation of isolating themselves arose for the first time when the group discovered the treasure of fraternal intimacy: â€Å"They all conferred together †¦whether they should dwell among men or go to solitary places. † But Francis knew through prayer that he had been sent to all men. The saint taught that what was important was to carry with oneself the advantages of the heritage. â€Å"Wherever we are and wherever we go, we carry the cell with us. Our cell is brother body and the soul is the hermit who is inside the cell occupied in praying to God and meditating; because if the soul does not remain in quiet and solitude in his cell, the cell that is constructed externally profits the religious little. Living in the world â€Å"as pilgrims and strangers, renouncing the economic and ecclesial autonomy of the monastery, as well as the isolation of the hermitical life, the Friars Minor place themselves in the midst of the common religious life of the people and the daily concerns of the human community. They are at the service of all, with maximum responsiveness, and maximum dependence upon the good will of men which implies dependence upon the love of the most high God, Father of all. In this kind of life there is no division, as there would be if the internal fraternity were suspended for the brother when he left to go to the outside. In reality, as long as there was no convent, one could not speak of â€Å"leaving† it. The â€Å"places† in which the fraternities gathered were open to everyone, as specified in the first rule (chap. 7) in virtue of the principle of poverty-minority. In this way the fraternity continues to be united. It communicates strength to the brother who â€Å"journeys through the world, makes him yearn for the warm company of the brothers, and join them again as soon as he has finished his mission among men. During the first ten years lodging was no problem; at nightfall they took shelter in whatever place they could End. â€Å"Their sinister was as spacious as the world;† during the day they scattered two by two through the towns and countryside; at night they stayed in the houses of lepers or in the hermitages. They were always ready to serve others humbly and devoutly. It came to be a common practice for the brothers to go out in pairs as a public sign of fraternal union. Not without reason did Francis call together the first companions, divide them into four pairs, and say to them: Go, my dearest brothers, two by two into the various parts of the world, announcing to men peace and repentance unto the forgiveness of sins; and be patient in tribulation, confident that the Lord will fulfill his purpose and his promise. To those who put questions to you, reply humbly; bless those who persecute you; give thanks to those who injure you and calumniate you. † Jesus had also sent his disciples in pairs (Mk. 6:7; Lk. 10:1). This evangelical reason doubtlessly influenced a custom that came to be a popular characteristic of the presence of the Friars Minor on the roads of the world. Each itinerant pair wanted to witness to the experience of love with the fraternities. No one should be excluded from universal charity; not even the sinner, the heretic, nor the Saracen. The episode of the thieves who were sent away unkindly by the brothers at the hermitage of Mt. Casale, and later searched for with humility and love by command of Francis, is a sample of the way he wished brotherhood with all men to be understood. a. Evangelical brotherhood in the context of Sacred Scripture The impulse to achieve the unity desired by Christ through the bonds of fraternity has always existed in the people of God. Looking upon in the Sacred Scriptures the first community was convoked by Jesus when he first called his disciples. â€Å"According to the Synoptic accounts, the formation of the apostolic community began with the call of the first disciples (see Mk. 1:16-20). Jesus’ words, â€Å"Follow me and I will make you fishers of men,† this imply transformation and re-creation. The invitation is definitive and radical to which corresponds an equally definitive and radical response: one that results in something totally new. The word of Jesus is dabar â€Å"it realizes itself. † Jesus’ words create what they express: â€Å"come follow me,† resulted in sequela â€Å"following,† koinia â€Å"communion,† diakonia â€Å"service,† kerygma â€Å"proclamation. † The call to follow Christ gives birth to a new identity, new community and new mission. The call to follow Christ is actually a con-vocation. Jesus called the first disciples one by one, and they found themselves following one and the same person. Jesus, who convoked them, was to be the defining element of the community of the twelve. Their coming together to be formed into one community was the result of their response to Jesus who told them with authority, â€Å"Follow me. † Then they adhered to him after cutting all the tiers that bound them to their previous life. They gave up everything, including their former relationships and commitments for the sake of Christ (see Mk. 10:28) and the Gospel (Mk. 10:29). Jesus called the twelve, first of all, to be with him, to establish with him a personal, intimate, stable, and lasting relationship. In other words, the sequela first implies communion of life with Jesus and among the apostles themselves. In fact, the first task of the twelve was not â€Å"to go and preach† but â€Å"to establish communion of life with Jesus. † They could not form Christian communities, without first being a community if Christ and for Christ. The twelve were to establish communion of life with Jesus so that they could become his messenger, witnesses, and missionaries. In the eyes of the people the twelve who followed Jesus wherever he went, constituted a living parable. Their abandonment of their occupations, priorities and families showed that Jesus was worth giving up everything (see Mk. 10:29-30). It was the presence of Jesus that held the twelve together. Understandably, his absence would cause the community’s disintegration. Christ himself foretold this disintegration: â€Å"You will all fall away; for it is written, ‘I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Mk. 14:27). In fact, in Gethsemane the arrest of Jesus was followed by the dispersion of the disciples: â€Å"†¦ they all forsook him and fled† (Mk. 14:50). They remained dispersed until they were re-gathered around the Risen Lord by the Holy Spirit. Thus only Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit can truly hold the faith community together. What the first community of Jerusalem attained temporarily, an impossible ideal for the entire ecclesial community reappears continually as the vocation of smaller groups who keep alive the Christian aspiration to that goal. As what the Acts of the Apostle would say: â€Å"They devoted themselves to the teaching of the apostles and to the communal life, to the breaking of the bread and to the prayers. All who believe were together and had all things in common; they would sell their property and possessions and divide them according to each one’s need. Everyday they devoted themselves to meeting together in the temple area and to breaking bread in their homes. They ate their meals with exaltation and sincerity of heart, praising God and enjoying favor with all the people. And everyday the Lord added to their number those who were being saved† (Acts 2:42-47). Evangelical brotherhood / Gospel brotherhood is rooted in the example of Jesus’ calling his disciples and forming them into an intimate group of brothers and friends. It is a gathering of men coming from different ways of life; they become united by the bond of their relationship with Jesus Christ who called them to leave behind their old lives and to begin anew with him as his disciples. The disciples were called into that brotherhood, and each of them was personally invited by Jesus Christ to follow Him more closely, and to live the Gospel with him as his close companions. The center and heart of the brotherhood of disciples was the person of our Lord Jesus Christ. He is the center and the heart of the brotherhood. Their vision is his vision, their mission flows from Jesus’ mission. The Gospels are very clear that this small group of men who formed a community of disciples were very close to Jesus. Their closeness also invited them to follow Jesus more closely, his footsteps and his way of life. This Gospel brotherhood had Jesus as its center: it followed more closely the very actions, deeds and works of Jesus himself. When Jesus prayed, they prayed with him. When Jesus went to preach to peoples, they went to preach with him. This evangelical / Gospel brotherhood is a contemplative and prayerful brotherhood. This evangelical / Gospel brotherhood is a missionary and preaching brotherhood. One of the most characteristic of Franciscan Capuchin life is its basic foundation as called to live the Gospel way of life. When St. Francis was called by the Lord to follow in his footsteps, Francis really followed Jesus as what the Lord had inspired him on how to live on this world. Giving up everything and renouncing all his wealth and even his vices and sins. b. Evangelical brotherhood in the context of the Franciscan tradition Inspired by God, St. Francis initiated a gospel form of life that he called a brotherhood according to the example of the life of Christ and his disciples. The impulse to achieve the unity desired by Christ through the bonds of fraternity has always existed in the people of God. The Franciscan Order, which is an expression of consecrated life in the Church, aims to follow this sacred religion of evangelical / Gospel brotherhood. Jesus Christ, who is the heart of the brotherhood, is the source and end of this way of life that was initiated by Saint Francis of Assisi. Franciscans live together as brothers of one family, under the Fatherhood of God the Father, united in their love of Christ, their brother. The Franciscans support one another through prayer, mutual encouragement, honest communication and joyful sacrifice. Before Francis found brotherhood as an ideal of evangelical life, he found his brother in Jesus Christ first. And his brother Jesus Christ is present in his brothers around him, his neighbor – there Christ reveals himself to Francis as his brother. Through Christ and his Gospel, Francis gradually grasped the full meaning of the universal fatherhood of God and of the family of the sons of God that unites the baptized, all men and the whole creation. For Francis each brother is a person with his own human individuality and spiritual features, and also with his own depth of feelings and concerns. The new spiritual family that has welcomed him should not look upon him as one who has been torn away from his natural family; rather, a certain communion of love should be created between the one family and the other. The saint called the mother of each brother the mother of all the rest. One day a poor, old lady who had two sons in the fraternity came to the Portiuncula. She was looking for help in her economic difficulties. Francis went to the minister general, Peter Catanii, and said: â€Å" Can we find something for our mother? † and since there was nothing in the house except a copy of the New Testament that was used for liturgical readings, he said: â€Å"Give our mother the New Testament; she will sell it to take care of her needs. I firmly believe that we will give greater pleasure to the Lord and to the Blessed Virgin his Mother by giving it to her than by reading it. † Celano comments that this was the use made of the first New Testament that was in the order. Evangelical fraternity cannot remain closed in upon itself. The same charity that animates it causes it to spread and open itself to share with others. The Friars Minor, who â€Å"chose to live in the midst of men,† embrace all men in the same love, establishing a communion of life with them through the liturgy, work, alms, and apostolic action. It was not easy to find a balance in that double impulse toward the pleasant retreat in which the sweetness of contemplation and of the presence of the brothers was enjoyed, and toward the multiplicity of a life on the level of normal society. The temptation of isolating themselves arose for the first time when the group discovered the treasure of fraternal intimacy: â€Å"They all conferred together †¦whether they should dwell among men or go to solitary places. † But Francis knew through prayer that he had been sent to all men. The saint taught that what was important was to carry with oneself the advantages of the heritage. â€Å"Wherever we are and wherever we go, we carry the cell with us. Our cell is brother body and the soul is the hermit who is inside the cell occupied in praying to God and meditating; because if the soul does not remain in quiet and solitude in his cell, the cell that is constructed externally profits the religious little. Living in the world â€Å"as pilgrims and strangers, renouncing the economic and ecclesial autonomy of the monastery, as well as the isolation of the hermitical life, the Friars Minor place themselves in the midst of the common religious life of the people and the daily concerns of the human community. They are at the service of all, with maximum responsiveness, and maximum dependence upon the good will of men which implies dependence upon the love of the most high God, Father of all. In this kind of life there is no division, as there would be if the internal fraternity were suspended for the brother when he left to go to the outside. In reality, as long as there was no convent, one could not speak of â€Å"leaving† it. The â€Å"places† in which the fraternities gathered were open to everyone, as specified in the first rule (chap. 7) in virtue of the principle of poverty-minority. In this way the fraternity continues to be united. It communicates strength to the brother who â€Å"journeys through the world, makes him yearn for the warm company of the brothers, and join them again as soon as he has finished he mission among men. During the first ten years lodging was no problem; at nightfall they took shelter in whatever place they could End. Their sinister was as spacious as the world;during the day they scattered two by two through the towns and countryside; at night they stayed in the houses of lepers or in the hermitages. They were always ready to serve others humbly and devoutly. It came to be a common practice for the brothers to go out in pairs as a public sign of fraternal union. Not without reason did Francis call together the first companions, divide them into four pairs, and say to them: Go, my dearest brothers, two by two into the various parts of the world, announcing to men peace and repentance unto the forgiveness of sins; and be patient in tribulation, confident that the Lord will fulfill his purpose and his promise. To those who put questions to you, reply humbly; bless those who persecute you; give thanks to those who injure you and calumniate you. † Jesus had also sent his disciples in pairs (Mk. 6:7; Lk. 10:1). This evangelical reason doubtlessly influenced a custom that came to be a popular characteristic of the presence of the Friars Minor on the roads of the world. Each itinerant pair wanted to witness to the experience of love with the fraternities. No one should be excluded from universal charity; not even the sinner, the heretic, nor the Saracen. The episode of the thieves who were sent away unkindly by the brothers at the hermitage of Mt. Casale, and later searched for with humility and love by command of Francis, is a sample of the way he wished brotherhood with all men to be understood. b-1) Rule of Life of the Friars Minor Before he found brotherhood as an ideal of the evangelical life, Francis found his brother. On his brother man, his brother Christ revealed himself to him. And through Christ and his gospel, he gradually grasped the full meaning of the universal fatherhood of God and of the family of the sons of God, that unites the baptized, all men and the whole creation. In his writings Francis always speaks of fraternity when he refers to the group of his followers. The word â€Å"brother† is constantly repeated in the two rules and in the Testament, frequently with adjectives that are full of affection: â€Å"my brothers,† â€Å"my blessed brothers,† â€Å"most beloved brothers. † And this attains theological elevation in chapter 22 of the first rule. It is a fraternity bound to the proclamation of the Kingdom, and therefore itinerant, always ready and open. The fraternity itself is freed – not only each brother – from earthly anxieties, and projected toward men. It is a fraternity of the poor, and therefore, a fraternity of â€Å"Minores. † The Rule of Life of the Franciscans is very clear regarding the Gospel way of life that Jesus proposes. Franciscans, as consecrated persons, strive to live out more closely the Gospel pattern of life that Christ himself left for us all. Evangelical / Gospel brotherhood is part of this pattern of life. Both the verbally approved Rule and the Rule with the Papal Approbation Seal contains this element of Gospel life in brotherhood among the Franciscans. Holy Mother Church has so confirmed this Gospel way of life of Saint Francis and recommends it to all faithful who have the same calling as of Francis and his first companions. At the beating heart of the Franciscan religious life is to live in Gospel brotherhood inspired by Christ who is our brother. Evangelical brotherhood cannot remain closed in upon itself. The same charity that animates it causes it to spread and open itself to share with others. The Friars Minor, who â€Å"chose to live in the midst of men,† embrace all men in the same love, establishing a communion of life with them through the liturgy, manual work, alms, and apostolic action. b-2) Our Life in Fraternity According to the Constitutions of the Capuchin Friars Minor The Capuchin Franciscan life, which is rooted deeply in the very spirit and life of St. Francis of Assisi, and being a true branch of the Franciscan first Order, continues this sacred and blessed tradition of Gospel brotherhood among the Capuchin Friars Minor. The Constitutions jealously preserve this aspect of the Franciscan life. The santa et bella riforma Capuccina (holy and beautiful Capuchin reform) keeps true to this divine inspiration of living in brotherhood according to the vision of St. Francis of Assisi. It has a special chapter on the brothers’ Life in Fraternity, and all the other chapters of the Constitutions are imbued with the same ideal spirit of brotherhood. The Capuchins’ life of chastity, penance, obedience, poverty, mission and apostolate, economy, formation, and government are all deeply ingrained with the spirit of Gospel brotherhood and its vision. Life in community is an important part of the normal Capuchin routine. Compared to the great monastic houses, Capuchin communities are usually very small and the brothers easily felt each others’ presence almost always, even in quiet and work. â€Å"Formation is a the development of the brothers and the fraternities in such a way that our life may daily more conform to the holy gospel and the Franciscan spirit according to the needs of times and places. † (Constitutions n. 22) Naturally this work of formation is more intense during a candidate’s forst years in the Order, but it goes on all through life, because we never reach perfection in this world. â€Å" the first school of fomation is the daily experience of religious life, with its normal rhythm of prayer, reflection, community life and work† (n. 43). prayer is bith public and private, menatal and vocal. Public prayer consists of the Divine Office and the Mass. , which is the highlight of the daily round. â€Å"We should highly esteem the mystery of the Eucharist and the liturgy of the hours. St. Francis wanted them to mould the entire life of the fraternity† (n. 47). Life in community is an important part of the normal Capuchin routine. Compared to the great monastic houses, Capuchin communities are usually small. The old Constitutions considered twelve to be the ideal number; this of course, was only a rough indication of what was desirable. â€Å"Inspired by God, Saint Francis initiated a way of gospel life which he called a fraternity, following the example of Christ and his disciples† (n. 83). b-3) Fraternal life of Capuchins in the Philippines The Capuchins here in the Philippines are relatively young as an Order. They have recently celebrated the 25th Anniversary as a Philippine Province, that is, no longer under the Spanish – Navarra Province from which it was born. There were struggles at the beginning but these were necessary parts to build a stronger brotherhood among the Filipino Capuchins. Most of them initially were formed under the Spanish formation, but later on, they had the eagerness and the initiative to create a formation system of their own that is truly Filipino and truly Capuchin – a combination of both. Filipino brotherhood has its little differences compared to Spanish brotherhood, our Filipino culture adds a beautiful twist to the expression of brotherhood among the members and this was carefully drawn from the members to make. The authentic Filipino Capuchin that we contribute is that our â€Å"Bayanihan Spirit†, wherein as brothers in the province shared and express this in our dealings with the other provinces and jurisdiction of the capuchins especially where our services and our pr esence is needed. Solidarity of personnel is highly offered especially to places where no one dared to live and serve upon. In every place and whatever circumstances that we are into our Filipino – Capuchin flavor always rooted and flavor by the same rule and constitution that we profess. Chapter III Franciscan Gospel Brotherhood as a Deepening of Human Community in the Light of Christian Vocation a. Reflections Living among the brothers in the community was perhaps the most challenging and a most daring adventure of love. A characteristic that I could assume as I sum up with all that we have discussed and presented it as our guide in living a harmonious and living according to a radical call of living the Gospel values itself. As a friar minor among the Capuchin order it was indeed a very challenging for me since the time I entered and had professed this kind of life. Recalling all my experiences before I entered the seminary living as a whole or in a family, it was really hard for me to go with other people before since I don’t have that kind of close intimacy with my family or even among my friends. I tried to isolate myself and tried to live as if I could do everything on my own. b. Conclusion â€Å"No man is an Island† as what John Donne is saying. Man needs companions in his life, he does not live alone in this world. A community helps man achieve his greatest potentials as an individual altogether. It helps him perfect his social existence, his physical power, his emotional possibilities, his spiritual journey, and his fullness as a creature. Every single person enriches a community of persons who are gathered together with the same vision and mission in life. Likewise, every community, enriches altogether all the members of that community. It is a two-way process, and one that is necessary to achieve the ends for which all was made, either the community and the individual person. The vocation of St. Francis and of the Franciscans in general highlight this landmark in human existence! The capacity of man that allows him to form groups is a blessed inheritance that has been passed on from one generation to the next. Community building has become an indispensable part of the growth of human persons. What St. Francis and the Franciscans do is to rouse people in the spirit of brotherhood and give everyone the chance to translate these human values into spiritual values, transforming them into heavenly riches that calls man to attain to the highest perfection, and that is, union with God – or even in a nobler way – communion with God – where a community is no longer formed by merely men who human vision, but a community is forged between Man and God, and they become one in vision and heart! This spiritual genius that is long kept as t tradition and way of life of the Franciscans remain to be a most precious jewel in the history of humanity as a whole. Human relationships are deepened when clearly viewed in the light of Gospel values and teachings. It is important, therefore, that Franciscans of today remain faithful to this vocation to brotherhood or building communities, because this is how they enrich the Church and the world as a whole with their particular charism. It is a challenge for them all to continue to early beginnings of St. Francis, so as to find a world that is more of a family than a market place. Each person, each individual is part and parcel of a blessed unity of whole that together sojourns its way to the bosom of God. No one ought to be left behind, it is a journey everyone takes together, hand in hand, with the good of the other in mind, imbued by the Love that binds together as a family under the one Fatherhood of God. We are all called into one universal fami

Smoking and its effect on society free essay sample

Many people believe that they are in control of their own lives. They believe that their lives are based upon choices they make as individuals. For me on the other hand it is different. I have given my choice away. Throughout my entire life I have been waiting to attain a feeling of independence and a sense of power over my decisions. However, over the past couple years I have succeeded this power, this choice to an addiction that impacts individuals and families all over the world. In high school I was a three sport athlete whom had the opportunity to play at the college level in both soccer and basketball. But like I previously stated I gave my choice away when I began the treacherous addictive habit of smoking cigarettes. When I wake up every day I make a list of things I need to get done that day, I never write down smoke a cigarette but in the back of my mind there is always a plan for smoking a â€Å"bogie†. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking and its effect on society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Imagine waking up every morning and needing a drink of anything you can get your hands on just so you can breathe. This is what I deal with on a daily basis. I am constantly thirsty, out of breathe, and congested. My day is run by when to smoke one. I have a cigarette when I wake up, drink coffee/red bull, after a meal, on the drive to class, on the drive home from class, while I’m doing homework, after sex, when I get bored, and before bed. I smoke a little more than ten cigarettes a day, so let’s do the math for how much I spend in a year for cigarettes. If we round it to half a pack a day, that means I smoke a pack of cigarettes in 2 days. If there are 365 in a year, that’s 182. 5 packs I smoke a year. In today’s economy cigarettes in New York go for $10 a pack, that’s the cheapest you can buy a single pack of Newport’s, which are my cigarette of choice. So if you multiply 182. 5 times 10, that’s $1825 a year I spend on cigarettes. To put this number in perspective for you, the tuition costs here at Clinton Community College for a full year is 3,960. So for one semester it’s $1,980. Essentially this means that if I wasn’t addicted to nicotine I could just about pay for a whole semester of college each year rather than buy 182. 5 packs of cigarettes. For now a pack every two days isn’t a death sentence, but if it’s one thing that is true about addictive habits it is that they only get worse. On this pace within years I could be gradually progressing my addiction to the point where I smoke a pack, maybe even two a day. At this point I struggle sometimes to even find the cash to get a pack, so I can only imagine the financial hardships that await me if my disease progresses. My finances aren’t the only part of my life that is impacted by my nicotine addiction, my health has also suffered an extreme amount. Throughout my whole life I have been the kid yelling one more; one more throw, one more kick, one more shot. Even though I have always dealt with a mild case of asthma, sensational has been the only word to describe my athletic performance between the lines on a field or court. My senior year in high school I ran a 5:40 mile, today I would be lucky to run for 5 straight minutes let alone almost complete a mile during it. Coming out of high school I was recruited by the Plattsburgh Men’s soccer coach to play center half back, which if you know anything about soccer is basically the position which requires the best athlete with the best conditioning on the entire team. In the spring of 2009 I tried my first cigarette. At first I hated it, made me cough, feel sick, and smelt horrible. But then I kept smoking them, soon I began to crave the high of smoking one. Whether it was morning, noon, or night when I wanted one I had to have it. Eventually the summer came and since I was recruited by SUNY Plattsburgh I was required to get myself in to tip top shape before I went up there for preseason. Instead I fed into my addiction and smoking cigarettes led to less energy, which led to partying more than I ever had my entire life. This new phase of my life where every other night there was a graduation party just furthered my habits. It was a phase that to this day I still believe opened doors I was never able to close. By the time preseason had come around I was in the worst shape id ever been in. There were certain expectations I was supposed to meet and I couldn’t have been further from that point. Instead of being a freshmen stud starting on a college soccer team, I became a reserve who could not even go on away trips with the team. My addiction of smoking not only took a toll on my health that year, but also my life. I had failed to meet one of the goals I had worked so hard for my entire life. At this point I came to a realization that cigarettes were my kryptonite, they made me weak and were slowly but surely killing me. A person who hasn’t dealt with addiction will say why don’t you just stop, it’s a choice just don’t do it. What these people don’t understand is that I not only don’t have a choice but I am not one bit in control of anything, nicotine owns me, runs me and fuels me. I am one of many Americans either directly or indirectly effected by smoking. Our society has been very progressive in encouraging people to refrain from smoking. The biggest weapon used is just flat out information. Just reading over these facts makes me want to throw my pack in the toilet as we speak. There are more than 4,800 chemicals in cigarette smoke, and 69 of them are known to cause cancer (Kenny, 2012). Also 90% off lung cancer deaths and 80-90% of emphysema and chronic bronchitis deaths are due to smoking (American Lung Association, 2014). Smoking decreases the life of the average male by 13 years (American Lung Association, 2014). The average male in the U. S. is expected to live until 77. By smoking my entire life I am decreasing my life expectancy from 77 years to 63 years, scary to think about. A scary fact to hear is about second hand smoke. Smoking at home, in your backyard, or alone in your car is one thing because it is mainly only effecting yourself. Smoking in public however is a whole separate issue. In one year there are approximately 3,400 lung cancer deaths and 46,000 heart disease deaths in adult nonsmokers annually due to second hand smoke (Facts about Smoking and Tobacco Use, 2014). Those are people who die because of cigarette smoke and they aren’t even the ones smoking them, pretty cruel way to die. Smoking has greatly affected our society since the appearance of these statistics. Work places, public parks, and many other places have all out lawed smoking there, and if they haven’t outlawed it they have designated smoking areas away from the majority of people. Over the past 50 years our society has changed its perception of smoking. Years back the social structure of the world made it out to be a cool thing to do. If you didn’t smoke you were an outcaste, you would almost be looked down on. Back then it was a common thing to smoke in people’s homes, in movie theaters, even on planes and in restaurants. I can remember when I was a kid my family would go out to eat and we would have to say non-smoking section so we wouldn’t choke on our food while eating because of all the smoke. They used to promote smoking by having celebrities be their icons of the product to draw attention of the fans, or used mascots like a cowboy to signify manliness and strength, and some companies even stooped so low as to use animals as their mascots in order to make smoking friendlier towards children. Society truly does dictate what is considered a norm and what is considered to be irregular or strange. Today all of those things are illegal because a majority of the people believe those methods to be dishonorable and misguiding. The social structure of our society is constantly changing and maybe one day society as a whole will realize how harmful smoking is to the individual as well as the group and outlaw it completely. In this paper I have talked about my addiction to nicotine because it is a problem I deal with on a daily basis. This addiction of mine has effected many areas of my life including work, relationships, health, school, even self-esteem. Through writing this paper I have realized what a financial toll this habit has already taken on my wallet, thousands of dollars have been stolen from me by my addiction. In addition and more importantly, this addiction has already possibly taken years off of my life which is an eye opener that one cannot turn their back on. In conclusion smoking cigarettes has not only impacted my life, but is a nasty habit that effects the lives of individuals and families all over the world.

Islamic Seljuk Turks essays

Islamic Seljuk Turks essays The Islamic Seljuk Turks and the European Christians considered the crusades to be holy wars because the Christian military was trying to recapture the Holy land from the Muslims. The crusades were undertaken between the 11th and 14th century. Different motives influenced those who journeyed to the Holy land, and they were not all religious ones. The church offered many incentives to encourage men to take the Cross. The word crusade refers to any war fought by divine command or for a primarily religious purpose. The Crusades were considered to be holy wars because the Christian crusaders invaded the Holy land. These Crusades applied solely to the European efforts to retake Jerusalem from the Muslims. Jerusalem was a sacred city to Christians because it was seen as the site of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Popes and Kings, eager for new land and wealth, encouraged crusaders. The crusades came from all over Europe. Most crusaders were knights and soldiers, but ordinary people also set out hoping to gain Gods approval. The Crusades may have been seen as holy wars, but they were lasting terror and misery to the near East. There were eight major Crusades that took place during 1096 to 1270. In 1921, Muslims captured the city of Acre and the Holy land was lost to Christians forever. Although the Crusades brought no lasting results in terms of military conquest, they were important in the development of trade. The reestablishment of traffic between the East and West, which after having been suspended for several centuries, was then resumed with even greater success. These trade routes generated a beneficial contact between the cultures. Many merchants from the cities of Venice and Genoa bought spices, sugar, cloth and cotton. Other merchants from Sicily and Aragorn traded Tunisian gold and Algerian wool and animal skins. Popular goods traded from the Middle East were su...

Black Death Muslim and Christian Responses

Imagine yourself alone on a street corner, coughing up bloody mucous each time you exhale. You are gasping for a full breath of air, but realizing that is not possible, you give up your fight to stay alive. Youre thinking why is this happening to me? That is how the victims of the Black Death felt. In five short years, the plague killed between 25 and 45% of the populations it encountered. So how different were the Christian and Muslim responses? In 1348 Christians who were followers of Jesus Christ and Muslims who followed the teachings of Muhammad came face to face with the Black Death. In truth, Muslims and Christians responded in many different ways. Even the way the blamed others for the cause of the plague and religious views about the disease were very much different. In a similar manner both religions acted completely out the norm, they basically set aside their spiritual beliefs for a moment. One of the similar responses between the Muslims and Christians were acting out of the ordinary. According to document five both religions were finding non-religious alternatives to prevent the Black Death. In some cases, the Christians would try to sleeping on their backs to prevent the plague, while the Muslims would even avoid going outside. In addition they both drank a solution of Armenian clay to cleanse the body and built fires hoping that this would purify the contaminated air. Based on document nine both the religions united together to pray and they went back to their religious ways. These documents prove that each religion in some cases stepped out their religious backgrounds to try to prevent the Black Death. Religious views played a big part on the different ways the Christians and Muslims responded to the Black Death. The Christians basically thought the plague was their fault. They believe that they’re being punished for their sins they’ve imputed against God. On the other hand the Muslims are taking the plague lightly. They believe that â€Å"a Muslim should devoutly accept the divine act. The Muslims also believe that this occurrence is a blessing from God. In addition document two explains the Black Death Mortality by comparing each religions death rate. The mortality estimate Phillip Ziegler calculated for the Muslims shows that about 33% of the Middle Eastern population have deceased. While the Christian population in Europe mortality rate was only 31%. This document proves that the Muslims population decreased greater than the Christians. During the era of the Black Plague, the Christian community held a lood-thirsty lead hand in the fact of the matter, while the Islam society didn’t blame the epidemic on others and or try to solve the rampant disease with violence. According to document seven the Christians blamed the Jews for causing the Black Death; they believe the Jews poisoned the wells. The Muslims didn’t blame anyone for the occurrence of the Black Death, based on document ten. This proves that the Muslims believed that the plague was meant to happen, like document four said, â€Å"the plague is a blessing from God. †

The inequality of miniorities in the criminal justice system. What Term Paper

The inequality of miniorities in the criminal justice system. What type of stereotypes and unfair justice do miniorities face by - Term Paper Example This research essay will have a detailed analysis and discussion on the inequality of minorities in the criminal justice system in USA and how to have a balanced approach without any bias for the offenses committed despite their color and creed. Introduction United States of America can be defined as a nation of diverse culture comprising of white ethnic immigrants, native Americans, Latinos, African Americans and Asians. As per Russell—Brown (2009), slave codes are those set of laws that ruled the life of African slaves as early in 1600s. Under slavery law, majorities of the African Americans were the victims, and their ordeal came to an end due to the passage of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. More rights of the blacks were recognized due to the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865. According to Free (1996), immediately after the elimination of slavery in USA, â€Å"Black codes â€Å"were legislated in many of the US states in an endeavor to employ the legal system to be dominated by the White supremacy with Jim Crow laws, which stipulated separate facilities for blacks, particularly in cars, rail , schools ,bathrooms , etc. (Hartley, 2010, p.112). As per Browne-Marshall, in 1896, in Plessey v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court of USA sanctioned the policy of â€Å"separate but equal† all but legitimate White supremacy. The enactment of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 which banned racial discrimination in employment , in public places ,which was trailed by Voting Rights Act of 1965, which gave legal acknowledgement to the rights of Black voters.(Gabbidon ,2010,p.66). Though discrimination is banned through Civil Rights Act of 1964, many empirical evidences like Mauer (1994), Tonry (1995), Free (1996), Donziger (1996), Walker (1999), and Walker et al (2000) have shown that racial discrimination prevails virtually in every phase of USAs criminal justice system even today. (Hartley, 2010, p.112). The Main objective of this research essay is to dis cuss about the inequality witnessed by the minorities in the criminal justice system of the U.S.A and to discuss about the type of stereotypes, and unfair justice do minorities face by the treatment of the United States court system in an exhaustive manner. â€Å"Discrimination of Minorities in the American Criminal Justice System† As per Walker, Spohn & DeLone (2000), racial disparities in the United States criminal justice system have long been given attention by the researchers who have found that there has been evidence of discrimination shown to ethnic and racial minorities at every phase of the criminal justice system. Footed upon by the debate posed by Marxist and conflict criminologists, scholars have tried to answer the query whether the law does, in reality, operate to the advantage of a dominant upper class and to the disadvantage of an immobilized lower community. Critics also have raised the question, whether the criminal action of that community which control or own the means of economic production are comparatively impervious from criminal prosecution? (Cullen & Wilcox, 2010, p.475). As per labelling theory of criminal justice, offenders are being treated as if they were criminal, which had the effect of unwanted outcomes on

Analysis of the Book Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya Essay

Analysis of the Book Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya - Essay Example The essay "Analysis of the Book Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya" analyses the actions of the main character Antonio of the book "Bless Me, Ultima" by Rudolfo Anaya. In his search for identity, Antonio struggles to find his personal belief and value system. The paper investigates Antonio’s religious quest and discusses the juxtaposition of Catholicism, paganism, magic, mythology, and superstition in the novel. Antonio has a somewhat conflicting childhood, with his mother belonging to the Luna family who are mostly farmers and priests and who wants him to become a priest as well. Whereas his father belongs to the MÃ ¡rez clan, a family where roaming the earth and the freedom it gives are encouraged. Antonio is raised as a Catholic, which he adapts to so unquestioningly that at the small age of six he already decides to become a priest when he grows up. However, despite being Catholic, both his parents not only love but also reverse the curandera Ultima. Thus, she is someone w ho holds fast to the traditions of the people and is a healer, though not a witch, albeit she is accused of being so. Most of the people do not know how to react to her, as she has really good healing powers, almost to the point of people suspecting witchcraft. The first time doubts are raised in Antonio’s mind about his Catholic faith is when his friend tells him about the golden carp, a pagan god. The first thought that comes to his mind is if the God the Catholics pray to is the true God or not.

Product Life Cycle Essay Example for Free

Product Life Cycle Essay Definition: Products come and go. A company’s challenge is to hold on to its customers longer than it holds on to its products. It needs to watch the market life cycle and the customer life cycle more than the product life cycle. Someone at Ford realized this: â€Å"If we’re not customer driven, our cars won’t be either.† One selects marketing tools that are appropriate to the stage of the product’s life cycle. For example, advertising and publicity will produce the biggest payoff in the introduction stage of a product; their job is to build consumer awareness and interest. Sales promotions and personal selling grow more important during a product’s maturity stage. Personal selling can strengthen customers’ comprehension of your product’s advantages and their conviction that the offering is worthwhile. Product Development and Life-Cycle Strategies: In the face of changing customer needs, technologies and competition, product innovation or the development of new products has become vital to a companys survival. Introducing new products, however, is not sufficient. The firm must also know how to manage the new product as it goes through its life cycle: that is, from its birth, through growth and maturity, to eventual demise as newer products come along that better serve consumer needs. This product life cycle presents two principal challenges. First, because all products eventually decline, the firm must find new products to replace ageing ones (the problem of new-product development). Second, the firm must understand how its products age and adapt its marketing strategies as products pass through life-cycle stages (the problem of product life-cycle, strategies). We therefore look initially at the problem of finding and developing new products, and then at the challenge of managing them successfully over their life cycles. Innovation and New-Product Development: Given the rapid changes in taste, technology and competition, a company cannot rely solely on its existing products to sustain growth or to maintain  profitability. The firm can hope to maintain market and profit performance only by continuous product innovation. Product innovation encompasses a variety of product development activities product improvement, development of entirely new ones, and extensions that increase the range or number of lines of product the firm can offer. Product innovations are not to be confused with inventions. The latter are a new technology or product which may or may not deliver benefits to customers. An innovation is defined as an idea, product or piece of technology that has been developed and marketed to customers who perceive it as novel or new. We may call it a process of identifying, creating and delivering new-product values or benefits that were not offered before in the marketplace. In this chapter we look specifically at new products as opposed to value creation through marketing actions (such as product/brand repositioning, segmentation of current markets). We also need to distinguish between obtaining new products through acquisition by buying a whole company, a patent or a licence to produce someone elses product and through new-product development in the companys own research and development department. As the costs of developing and introducing major new products have climbed, many large companies have decided to acquire existing brands rather than to create new ones. Other firms have saved money by copying competitors brands or by reviving old brands. These routes can contribute to a firms growth and have both advantages and limitations. In this chapter, we are mainly concerned with how businesses create and market new products. By new products we mean original products, product improvements, pnxhict modifications and new brands that the firm develops through its own research and development efforts. Risks and Returns Jri Innovation Innovation can be very risky for a number of reasons: 1. New-product development is an expensive affair it cost Tate Lyle around  £150 million to develop a new sugar substitute; pharmaceutical firms spend an average of . £100-50 million to develop a new drug; while developing a super-jumbo project could cost billions. 2. New-product development takes time. Although companies can dramatically shorten their development time, in many industries, such as  Pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, aerospace and food, new-product development cycles can be as long as 10-15 years. The uncertainty and unpredictability of market environments further raise the risks of commercialization. Roots had to withdraw Manoplex, a heart drug, less than a year after its launch in the United Kingdom, after a trial on 3,000 patients in the United States and Scandinavia suggested an adverse effect on patient survival. The pharmaeeudeals division lost about  £200 million on the drug, which cost nearly  £100 million to develop over a period of 12 years, and about S20 million was spent on promoting and marketing it. 3. Unexpected delays in development are also a problem. History is littered with grand pioneering engineering projects which have failed to satisfy the original expectations of bankers, investors and politicians. The Seikan rail tunnel, connecting the island of Hokkaido to mainland Japan, was completed 14 years late and billions of pounds over budget; the S10 billion cost of the Channel tunnel, which opened on 6 May ] 994, a year later than originally planned, is more than double the  £4,8 billion forecast in 1987. 4. The new-product success record is not encouraging either. New products continue to fail at a disturbing rate. One recent study estimated that new consumer packaged goods (consisting mostly of line extensions) fail at a rate of 80 per cent. The same high failure rate appears to afflict new financial products and services, such as credit cards, insurance plans and brokerage services. Another study found that about 33 per cent of new industrial products fail at launch. Despite the risks, firms that learn to innovate well become less vulnerable to attacks by new entrants which discover new ways of delivering added values, benefits and solutions to customers problems.

Sports Narrative - Track State Champion :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Track State Champion With shaky knees, I hesitantly made my way up the large white steps. With the back of my hand, I brushed away a few salty tears of relief. As I stood at the top of the podium and looked up into the packed stadium, my mind drifted back to everything I had gone through to achieve this moment, the day I became a state champion. The start of the 2002 track season found me concerned with how I would perform. After a disastrous bout with mononucleosis ended my freshmen track season, the fear of failure weighed heavily on my mind. I set a goal for myself in order to maintain focus and to push myself like nothing else would. My goal for my sophomore track season was to become a state champion in the 100 meter hurdles. I worked hard everyday at practice and went the extra mile, like running every Sunday, to be just that much closer to reaching my goal. The thought of standing highest on the podium in the center of the field, surrounded by hundreds of spectators, overcame my thoughts of complaining every time we had a hard workout. When I closed my eyes, I pictured myself waiting in anticipation as other competitors names were called out, one by one, until finally, the booming voice announced over the loudspeaker, "...and in first place, your 2002 100 meter hurdle champion, from Hotchkiss, Connie Dawson." It wa s visions like these that drove me to work harder everyday. As the season progressed, competition started getting fiercer. I was up against girls running at a 5A level, yet, I was able to hold my own. Finally there came a tiny light at the end of the tunnel; it seemed as though I was getting closer and closer to accomplishing my goal. Along with my undefeated title came a huge target painted on my back. I religiously checked "Rocky Preps" every day to see if the competition was gaining on me. It seemed that every time I had improved, there was someone right behind me, running their personal best too. I trained during the weeks before regionals like I had never trained before. Each day my stomach became more twisted with knots that looped around every part of my stomach. I don't think I had ever been that nervous in my whole life.

Kimberly McCullough

Kimberly McCullough Colorado Christian UniversityCollege of Adult and Graduate StudiesBUS-301A, Business FinanceProfessor MurphyApril 18, 2018 Analyzing Your Financial RatiosIn Chapter Case â€Å"Question 1. I will provide, the current ratio measures a company's ability to pay short-term obligations. The quick ratio of S;S, which is an indicator of a company's short-term liquidity. be sure to show your work in calculating the ratios including the ratios of the company. (In Chapter 3, page 8, Finkler, S. 2017). When it comes to their financial planning at S & S Air, Inc their financial manager will be able to understand. In Chapter Case 1, with S&S Air, Inc. with this business working capital management they must work with certain banks about their contribution to their goals and their success in their business. S&S Air, Inc.2016 Income Statement S&S Air. Inc.2016 Balance Sheet Light Airplane Industry Ratios Capital Budgeting The case study presents two corporations (A and B) with different revenue values and expenses as well as variable depreciation expenses, tax rates and discount rates. When it comes to my mom and dad's business applying suitable expenditure controls to ensure that investments outlays conform with. When it comes to capital budgeting my parent's business they are determining the viability to long-term investments on purchase or replacement of property. (Dlabay, L. 2008, Chapter 3, pg.12-13)Ratios and Financial Planning at S&S Air, Inc.†Calculations Chapter Case â€Å"Conch Republic Electronics†Conch Republic Electronics is a midsized electronics manufacturer located in Key West, Florida. The company president is Shelley Conc, who inherited the company. When it was founded over 70 years ago, the company originally repaired radios and other household appliances. Over the years, the company expanded into manufacturing and is now a reputable manufacturer of various electronic items. Before launching a new series, the company need to go through the following steps as to ensure a smooth production of this new series. 1.1 10 Steps Before Launching New ProductsAs a business grows the question of the introducing new products/services arises. Launching new products/services means taking risks and managing change. Growth and change must be managed at the same time as on-going business operations. Maintaining momentum is challenging for small businesses with limited resources. (Mayo, H. 2017). QuestionsWhat is the payback period of the project?What is the profitability index of the project?What is the IRR of the project?What is the NPV of the project?All the cases are Excel-based?First, The Cost of Research & Development Second, for them to calculate networking capital for the next first two years their new smart phone company their smartphones prices generate erosion cost (negative side effect) to the existing smart phone. The loss from the total revenue of existing smart phone. The net incremental revenue of new smart phone is equal to the total revenue of new smart phone minus the total revenue loss from the existing smart phone.The Revenue Loss of Existing Smart Phone Comes from Two Parts.Part one: the sales units will be reduced, and the original price revenue on these sales unites will be gone (the sales units of the existing smart phone will fall by 30,000 units per year, and the price of the existing smart phone is $380 per unit). Part Two: In Conch Republic Electronics finding of the sensitivity of change in quantity of the remaining units will be sold at a lower price (the price of the existing units will have to be lowered to $ 210 each), and the price difference is a source of revenue. Take First Year for Example: The calculation of net incremental revenue of the second year is like the first year. Starting from the third year, there is no revenue loss of existing smart phone attributed by the new smart phone, because the production of the existing smart phone is terminated. The incremental revenue is just the revenue of new smart phone. (Brigham, E. 2016, Chapter 5 pg. 9-10)Third, when it comes to In Conch Republic Electronics cost they had to take their profitability and their credit worthiness. As a smartphone company they know that knowing the cost of capital it can make better decisions on its future investments and other such financing options. (Midgley, K. & Burns, R. 1997) The calculation of net variable cost of the second year is like the first year. Starting from the third year, there is no variable cost decrease of new smart phone. The net variable cost is just the variable cost of new smart phone.Four, when it comes to Conch Republic Electronics company they have to consider regarding asset acquisitions in other investments brought. Because it is a smartphone company calculating the fixed cost is just new smart phone's fixed cost. Chapter Case â€Å"Stephenson Real Estate Recapitalization† In this report I will be discussing the work in an AJD real estate office from different aspects: Market surveying, the standard operating procedures that be followed in the market, suggestions to improve the work of AJD office. (Huber, W. 2009, Chapter 5, pg. 10-12)1.2 Definitions:Real estate is â€Å"Property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals, or water; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this; (also) an item of real property; (more generally) buildings or housing in general. Also: the business of real estate; the profession of buying, selling, or renting land, buildings or housing. It is a legal term used in most of the formal deals in this field. (Davis, M. 2012, Chapter 5, pg. 2-10)†Stephenson Real Estate Recapitalization†In order for Stephenson's Real Estate recapitalization they have to effectively recapitalizing the companies by increasing the proportion of debt in the capital structure. Since Stephenson is an all-equity firm with 15 million shares of common stock outstanding, worth $35.20 per share, the market value of the firm is $528 million (= 15 million shares * $35.20 per share). Stephenson's market-value balance sheet before the announcement of the land purchase is:Because of the purchase, the firm's pre-tax earnings will increase by $27 million per year in perpetuity. These earnings are taxed at a rate of 40%. Therefore, after taxes, the purchase increases the annual expected earnings of the firm by $16.2 million {($27 million) (1 – 0.40)}. (Peiser, R. & Hamilton, D. 2012) Therefore, the net present value of the land purchase is $19.6 million.After the announcement, the value of Stephenson will increase by $19.6 million, the net present value of the purchase. Under the efficient-market hypothesis, the market value of the firm's equity will immediately rise to reflect the NPV of the project. Therefore, the market value of Stephenson's equity will be $547.6 million (= $528 million + $19.6 million) after the firm's announcement.Assessments and Measures Direct Versus Indirect Measures of AssessmentThe difference between direct and indirect measures of student learning has taken on new importance as accrediting agencies such as WASC have required the use of direct measures to be the primary source of evidence. Indirect measures may serve only as supporting evidence. (Linneman, P. 2010)Embedded and Add-On AssessmentEmbedded assessments are tasks that are integrated into specific courses. They usually involve classroom assessment techniques but are designed to collect specific information on program learning outcomes. (Claus, F. 2009)ConclusionWhat I have learned? This subject gave me an overview of key marketing concepts and techniques as they apply in a variety of organizations and in both conventional and online environments. Also, this subject helped me to develop my knowledge and understanding of the core role of marketing in determining the growth potential.ReferencesRoss, S., Westerfield, R., & Jordan, B. (2017). Essentials of Corporate Finance (9th ed.). Dlabay, Les (2008) Business Finance (1st Editio) Finkler, Steven (2017) Finance & Accounting for Nonfinancial Managers (5th Edition) Book – Softcover Mayo, B. Herbert (2017) Basic Finance: An Introduction to Financial Institutions, Investments, and Management Brigham, F. Eugene (2016) Fundamentals of Financial Management (14th ed.) Publisher: Cengage Learning Huber, Wait (2009) Real Estate Finance – (7th edition) Davis, Maria (2009) Accounting for Real Estate Transactions: A Guide for Public Accountants and Corporate Financial Professionals 2nd Edition Peiser, Richard & Hamilton, David (2012) Professional Real Estate Development: The ULI Guide to the Business Linneman, Peter (2010) Real Estate Finance & Investments: Risks and Opportunities Clauss, J. Frances (2009) Corporate Financial Analysis with Microsoft Excel Midgley, Kevin & Burns, G. Ronald (1979) Business Finance and the Capital Marketn.

Alexander Technique

The famous Athenian comic playwright Menander (342-291 B. C. ) once said â€Å"health and intellect are the two blessings of life. † This was the standpoint of his almost realistic depiction of a situational character as a stand-up comedian wherein mind and body were overjoyed upon Menander’s satires. Probably the best aspect of Menander’s hilarity was his insightful mental and physical gestures that captivated the spontaneity which he conveyed to the audience.The conveyance of mental and physical gestures have indeed become the therapeutic norm of the Australian actor and Shakespearean orator Frederick Matthias Alexander (1869-1955) who then discovered a technique of effective vocalization through mental and physical easement and control known as the ‘Alexander Technique’. In this regard, this paper will discuss several studies on the Alexander Technique which has been known and adopted by most stage and movie performers and has been publicly recomm ended to be used as therapy. What is Alexander Technique?According to the electronic journal, ‘The Complete Guide to Alexander Technique’, the Alexander Technique (AT) was developed in the early 1900’s by Frederick Matthias Alexander (1869-1955) to release his chronic laryngitis tension for best vocal performance which he later developed as a complete mental and physical therapy. Based on the personal experience of renowned health columnist of the New York Times Jane Brody, the Alexander technique is a method of adjusting body postures to relieve her damaging stresses, like relieving her neck tension, occasional pain, and even crippling spasms (Brody, 1990).Moreover, according to Anne Rickover’s Life Bridge Coaching, the Alexander Technique can be helpful to everyone, especially those who are engaged in the delicate harmonization of the mind and body [like actors, dancers and musicians], as well as to injured musicians. Today, the mastery of this technique is required in various arts and music schools across Europe, America and Australasia. (Rickover, R. , 2007). Rationale of method According to Nicholas Brockbank, a teacher of the Alexander Technique, the functions of mind (mental) and body (physical) are the primary coordinates in using the Alexander Technique.Thus, the coordinative functions are the basic method of application or usage. The discovery of functional coordinates [as a method] was regarded by Frederick Matthias Alexander when he felt his voice or vocalization was â€Å"vacillating† (Brockbank, 2007). In front of a mirror, Alexander observed the inconsistency of his voice to his mind setting. Moreover, the mind and the body were â€Å"indivisible† human faculties from which the way people think the way they acted was the primary cause of their physical ills (Brockbank, 2007).Brockbank concluded that the method of coordinating mind and body are elements of â€Å"physical habits† that Alexander Techn ique adopts the method of functional coordinates (Brockbank, 2007). Application of method Upon Frederick Matthias Alexander’s discovery and adoption of the method, he was inspired and encouraged to share it with performing artist, most especially with the musicians and the vocalists, which he thought were stressed during the rehearsals with the added anxiety (stage fright) in front of the audience.To cite, the mental and physical movement must be applied with proper coordination and function [as the presence of mind and body] that eventually meets and sets aside the complex of stress that may result to Repetitive Strain Injury (which becomes a medical term known as RSI), which is a common injury of singers, musician, and dancers (Brockbank, 2007).The Alexander Technique has developed as an effective and applicable method in coordinating the mental and physical functions and are used by most of the performing artists like Paul McCartney, Yehudi Menuhin, Sting, Julian Bream, Ja mes Galway, and the conductor, Sir Adrian Boul (Brockbank, 2007). It has also been integrated into the curriculums of various schools such as the Juilliard School of Performing Arts in New York, The Royal College of Music in London, the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto, and other schools of music, universities and colleges around the world (Brockbank, 2007).Findings, descriptive procedures, and relevance The descriptive procedures in applying the method of Alexander Technique are found to be similar to the method of â€Å"Ergonomics†. Several â€Å"naturalists† [or those using the natural cure and therapy] believe that what Frederick Matthias Alexander discovered was a â€Å"self-taught† procedure which he incidentally applied and thought as his own method. In which case, the naturalists acknowledges Alexander’s discovery as an applied natural science.Meaning, Alexander theorized and practiced the application of Ergonomics method in which several me thods of natural cure were only limited to countries like Asia, Africa, the Middle East and other parts of European countries. Moreover, according to Mark Hyman’s journal, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, the natural cure through therapy has long been practiced by the Egyptians, Africans, Chinese, and the Malays. Among of the indigenous and famous natural cures are Acupuncture, Acupressure or the Thai massage, aromatherapy, Reiki, and what is commonly known today as methods of â€Å"Reflexology† or Physical therapy (Hyman, 2008).According to Holly A. Sweeney, a certified Ergonomist, the only method that is being recognized in Alexander Technique is that the functional use of mind and body coordinates without external physical manipulation. In addition, the power of thinking (mind) has some degrees or level of dictation to what the physical (body) self shall do or to do (Sweeney, 2007). Based on Sweeney’s findings, the term â€Å"ergonomics† i s derived from the two Greek words â€Å"ERG† (meaning to work) and â€Å"NOMOI† (meaning natural laws).The study of Ergonomics focuses on human capability towards work, in which the connection or link to work shall meet the â€Å"demand† or performance of human capability that has the following fundamentals: (1) All work activities should allow the worker take on equally healthy and safe postures, (2) Muscular force has to be exerted it should be done by the largest appropriate muscle groups available, and (3) Work activities should be carried out with the joints at about mid-point of their range of movement which applies specifically to the head, trunk, and upper limbs. (Cortlett, 1983; in Sweeney, 2007).It may be deduced from the findings of Sweeney that Ergonomics is very much interrelated technique to Alexander’s, considering the fact that Ergonomics also covers all â€Å"stress-out† methods, which is also known as stretching at the sudden spa sm of body joints and muscles while at work. However, the recognition of Alexander Technique [although parallel to Ergonomics] has been carried out by the unique method of â€Å"exercising out† the stress from the vocal chords of the singer and larynx of musicians [using pipe instruments] through coordination of â€Å"psycho-physical† functions (Sweeney, 2007).In addition, the functional â€Å"psycho-physical† coordination invokes the prowess of the performer with a sudden â€Å"gush† of esteem and self-confidence that conveys the good physical posture and perfect vocalization (Sweeney, 2007). Conclusion Natural cure is indigenous and partly an evolutionary medicine that complements the continuous development of medical sciences. Indeed, what has been quoted by Menander (342-291 B. C.), that â€Å"health and intellect are the two blessings of life†, has been proven by the theory and practice of Frederick Matthias Alexander. The Alexander Technique is a natural therapy that must impart furtherance of developmental studies as a restorative healing method that adheres to preventive medicine. The medicinal value indicates the benefits, usefulness, and cost efficiency. However, the practice of the Alexander Technique may only be limited and relevant to occupational work of renowned expertise.The practice of Alexander Technique could be more beneficial, appropriate, and therapeutic when valued at the large-scale advocacy of treatment. Over the years, the accompanying development of medical science has brought in trial and error of scientific exploits. The medical malpractice in diagnostic and hospitalized treatment still occurs around the world, although the incidents are few and not alarming. The paranoia may not only be a post-surgical trauma but a social stigma. Practically, no one wants to be hospitalized.This mainly due to the large costs of hospitalization, scarcity to healthcare benefits or medical welfare (specifically in p oor countries), the surging prices of medicines, and the anxiety to medical treatment or â€Å"medical phobia†. It can be then deduced that various forms of natural healing, like Alexander Technique, could be rationalized into a broader social perspective as a preventive alternative medicine rather than always resorting to hospital cure. References Brody, J. (1990). ‘Personal Health’. New York Times electronic magazine.Retrieved 10 May 2008 from http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9C0CE0DB1031F932A15755C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Brockbank, N. (2007). ‘What did Alexander Discover – And why is it Important? ’ . Retrieved 10 May 2008 from http://www. alexandertechnique. com/articles2/brockbank/. Hyman, M. A. (2008). ‘Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine’. InnoVision Issue Vol. 14, No. 3. Retrieved 10 May 2008 from http://www. alternative-therapies-digital. com/alternative-therapies/20070506/?sub_id =DLuKONBMDWMwD. Rickover, R. (2007). ‘Life Bridge Coaching’. Retrieved 10 May 2008 from http://www. lifebridgecoach. com/lbcmain. htm. Sweeney, H. A. (2007). ‘Applying Ergonomic principles in the Workplace: How the Alexander Technique can help’. Retrieved 10 May 2008 from http://www. alexandertechnique. com/ergonomics. htm. The Complete Guide to Alexander Technique (2008). Electronic Journal of the Institute of Alexander Technique in Nebraska and Toronto. Retrieved 10 May 2008 from http://www. alexandertechnique. com/.